{"id":51965,"date":"2019-12-05T20:35:38","date_gmt":"2019-12-05T19:35:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/?page_id=51965"},"modified":"2019-12-23T22:22:32","modified_gmt":"2019-12-23T21:22:32","slug":"imaginary-provenances","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/en\/the-tours-exhibition\/imaginary-provenances\/","title":{"rendered":"Imaginary provenances"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\">The origins \u2013 and thence the proof of authenticity \u2013 of the \u201cnew works\u201d circulating since the publication of <a href=\"https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/en\/the-tours-exhibition\/polluted-bibliography\/\">Chauvelin and Filatoff\u2019s<em> Alexandra Exter<\/em><\/a> (Paris, 2003) and even more so since the 2009 Ch\u00e2teau de Tours  exhibition and catalogue raise the question of the provenance of the  works. The fanciful provenance that makes reference to the \u201cartist\u2019s  studio\u201d often found in French auction catalogues between 2000 and 2005  has been gradually dropped in favor of a more fictionalized version. The  introduction by Jean Chauvelin to the Tours exhibition catalogue (p.  10-11) was first published in May 2008 in a catalogue of the Pierre  Berger auction house in Brussels<mfn>Pierre Berg\u00e9 associ\u00e9s, Brussels and Paris. Modern art sale in Brussels, 28 April 2008, lot 74, authenticated by Jean Chauvelin and Nadia Filatoff. The author of the text on the provenance is Jean Chauvelin. The auction catalogue also indicates that the work will be included in the \u201ccatalogue raisonn\u00e9\u201d being prepared by Jean Chauvelin and Nadia Filatoff (p. 80-81).<\/mfn>  before being reprinted, as is, on the occasion of the Tours exhibition.  It presents a version that is as implausible as it is undocumented. This  text will be parsed in detail in the section devoted to the 2009 Tours  exhibition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here we would like to draw attention to another type of fabrication, destined to launder the \u201cnew\u201d works.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At the end of the nineteen eighties a good number of apocryphal works  appeared on the art market that were attributed to several Russian  avant-garde artists and given a fictive provenance. There were then few  studies dedicated to the history of the Russian avant-garde and  especially few truly documented studies, which made this type of  provenance credible to neophytes to the field of the Russian avant-garde  \u2013 the category of buyers that was emerging at the time. Several works  attributed to Alexandra Exter began circulating based on this supposed  German provenance (Berlin). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There was even a highly publicized public sale at Christie\u2019s in London, complete with a separate catalogue, on 5 October 1989. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Having made the necessary verifications, Andrei Nakov protested in  writing to the auction house, which took no action. Because there was a  market \u201cdemand\u201d for the works, they preferred to ignore any discordant  voices. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At issue is a great quantity of Russian avant-garde works, supposedly  from the \u201ccollection of\u201d Kurt Benedikt. Benedikt was an antique dealer,  active in Berlin in the early nineteen- twenties, who specialized in  historical artworks, particularly from seventeenth-century Holland  (mainly furniture and decorative art). An enterprising dealer, Benedikt  went to Russia at the beginning of the nineteen twenties to purchase the  decorative objects that the new Soviet state was selling left, right  and centre. Benedikt also worked for the Van Diemen gallery in Berlin  and it was probably because of these personal contacts with the Soviet  authorities that the gallery was chosen by the Commissariat of  Enlightment (Education) for the \u201cFirst Russian Exhibition\u201d (after the  new Soviet power was established). The rooms in the Van Diemen gallery  were rented and the whole enterprise was entirely organised in Moscow.  Even the publicity around the event was initiated in Moscow by sending  Lissitzky as an envoy to Berlin. Together with Ilya Ehrenburg, a Russian  correspondent working in Berlin, Lissitzky set out to promote new  Russian art a few months prior to the opening of the show. Moscow also  financed this propaganda enterprise (which included the launching of the  periodical Gegenstand\/Objet, the first issue of which was published at  this time i.e. Spring of 1922). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Because of his commercial role, Kurt Benedikt figures on one of the  photos documenting the opening of this deservedly famous exhibition in  October 1922. Yet his role was purely commercial if not administrative,  and hence it was restricted to his connection with the Van Diemen  gallery, which merely served as a venue for the exhibition, with  responsibility for handling the works brought there for the show. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As Andrei Nakov learned after much laborious research in German and  Russian archives, Benedikt had no particular connection with Russian  avant-garde art circles. Neither his name nor his address figures in  archives where they would be expected to show up: the Bauhaus,  Moholy-Nagy, Paul Klee, Adolf Behne (critic who was in touch with the Russians, and for good reason, since he was writing about them), Herwarth Walden, Flechtheim and others. Neither does he figure in Alexandra Exter\u2019s address books even though she was in Berlin in October  1927 for her individual show at the \u201cDer Sturm\u201d gallery. On the  occasion of an event that had a certain echo, one would have expected  her to get back in touch with eventual collectors.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>From this time (1989-1991) Andrei Nakov began carefully researching this  imaginary provenance because he was intrigued by a Cubist-type work, a  painting titled \u201cLes Ponts de Paris\u201d<mfn>This work had already made its way into several publications lacking in critical spirit and had figured in a museum exhibition in Canada (Winnipeg Art Gallery, \u201cBreak up of Tradition, 1912\u201d \u2013 an exhibition on Cubism accompanied by a catalogue). See illustration of this work in Georgij Kovalenko, 2001, p. 11.<\/mfn> attributed to Alexandra Exter, which did not correspond to the style and  workmanship of the artist that was known. On the other hand, several  elements in it bring to mind certain minor German artists, such as  Hannes Bolz<mfn>Minor artist gravitating in the entourage of the Berlin periodical Der Sturm in the 1910s.<\/mfn> who gravitated around modernist circles. So, not only could the  realisation of the forms not be attributed to the hand of Exter, but  also a work of this style could not have been painted in Paris in 1912.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-medium\"><a href=\"https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/12\/pont-paris.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-0\" data-rl_title=\"\" data-rl_caption=\"\" title=\"\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"189\" src=\"https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/12\/pont-paris-300x189.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-51665\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/12\/pont-paris-300x189.jpg 300w, https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/12\/pont-paris-150x95.jpg 150w, https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/12\/pont-paris-768x485.jpg 768w, https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/12\/pont-paris-600x379.jpg 600w, https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/12\/pont-paris.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption> Les Ponts de Paris faussement attribu\u00e9 \u00e0 A. Exter <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Later, Andrei Nakov was personnaly contacted in Paris by the Munich  dealers pivotal to the commercial circulation of the works of \u201cKurt  Benedikt\u201d provenance. He was obliged to soon realize from the number of  works and especially their nature that we were dealing with a hoax. He  had even the occasion to see a photographic \u201cdocumentation\u201d,  \u201crecomposed\u201d, that is to say, manipulated. The period of digital  manipulation of images had already begun\u2026 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is regrettable that the donation of a painting with this provenance,  attributed to Exter, was accepted by the Berlinische Galerie, Berlin\u2019s  modern art museum, and that it figured for many years (and maybe still  does) on the walls of this institution and in its publications. Another  abstract painting made its way into an important private Swiss  collection, to be displayed recently in museums in London and Zurich and  reproduced.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The \u201cKurt Benedikt\u201d provenance has done so well over the past twenty  years that a Russian art historian has published several works in  reference to this &#8220;collection\u201d<mfn>Cf. Georgij Kovalenko a &#8211; \u201cCvetovaja dinamika Aleksandry Ekster (iz byvshego sobranija Kurta Benedikta)\u201d in the anthology Pamjatniki kul&#8217;tury\/Novye otkrytija 1994 (M. 1996) str. 356-365. b &#8211; \u201cAleksandra Ekster&nbsp;: cvetovye ritmy\u201d (Alexandra Exter&nbsp;: Rhythms of Colours) in Amazonki avangarda (The Amazons of the avant-garde), anthology edited by Georgij Kovalenko (Moscow&nbsp;: Nauka, 2001), p. 198-215. The same author has been issuing certificates for many \u201cnew\u201d works, part of which comes from the French source, while others are flourishing on the London market (mainly at McDougal and Bonham\u2019s public auctions).<\/mfn>.Needless to say, the number of works has only increased over time&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These developments rely on the publication of a single book <mfn>Cf. Kovalenko, Georgij, \u00e9d., Alexandra Ekster \u2013 cvetovye ritmy (Alexandra Exter \u2013 rythmes de couleurs, \u00e9dition bilingue russe\/allemand), Palace Editions, Saint Peterbourg, 2001. Voici les illustrations de cet ouvrage dont l\u2019attribution  est mise ici en question&nbsp;: pages 11, 53, 55, 61, 65, 67, 75, de page 87 \u00e0 129 et ill. p. 160, gauche.<\/mfn> featuring an impressive number of pieces whose provenance would be in this imaginary collection. It\u2019s not surprising that the same author continues to certify the many \u201cnew\u201d works that are constantly surfacing on the Russian and European markets. There is even supposed to be a \u201ccatalogue raisonn\u00e9\u201d being prepared by him (which is exceedingly hard to believe).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition, this author regularly authenticates works circulated by the  Orlando gallery in Zurich, works that have recently proved to be  connected to the group presented at the 2009 Tours exhibition, to which  the last publication of this gallery explicitly refers (see elsewhere  the detailed references to the paintings featured at the Orlando  gallery). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> The &#8220;catalogue raisonn\u00e9&#8221; ploy <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>On several occasions in recent years, a \u201ccatalogues raisonn\u00e9\u201d of Exter\u2019s  work has been announced. At least two (separate?) enterprises of the  sort have been announced, one in Paris (Chauvelin and Filatoff) and one  in Russia (Kovalenko). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>None of the authors associated with these repeated announcements has  museum experience or training, and none has yet consulted or expressed  the desire to consult the painter\u2019s archives or those of Simon Lissim,  his heir. Consequently, it is hard to imagine that these announcements  have any basis in reality. In fact they incite us to be particularly on  our guard.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-medium\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"252\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/12\/Kovalenko-252x300.jpg\" alt=\"Georgij Kowalenko\" class=\"wp-image-51668\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/12\/Kovalenko-252x300.jpg 252w, https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/12\/Kovalenko-861x1024.jpg 861w, https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/12\/Kovalenko-126x150.jpg 126w, https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/12\/Kovalenko-768x914.jpg 768w, https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/12\/Kovalenko-504x600.jpg 504w, https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/12\/Kovalenko.jpg 1261w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 252px) 100vw, 252px\" \/><figcaption> Georgij Kowalenko, Alexandra Exter, Farbrhytmen, 2001<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Scientific experts <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cScientific analyses\u201d, mainly of pigments and the support, have become  the latest fashion in the field of authenticating and attributing  paintings. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lacking verified documented references and credible material studies of  the painter\u2019s practice, classified from an historical and stylistic  point of view, everything is done to reassure the market with a  pseudo-science that claims to be \u201cexact\u201d. There are laboratories in  London, Paris and Cologne that specialise in the field. The conclusions  are always the same: \u201cthere are no indications that would contradict the  attribution of such and such a work\u201d to a \u201cwork of that period\u201d, and so  ipso facto the work in question would be authentic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the absence of any standard of reference, of a data bank composed of  works whose authenticity is perfectly documented, and consequently  indisputable, such \u201cexpertise\u201d cannot be taken seriously. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Alexandra Exter\u2019s palette  <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In response to this type of fallacious argument, I submitted Exter\u2019s  palette to the specialist Dr. Marie Kokkori, author of a thesis at the  University of London &#8211; Courtauld Institute of Art on the technical study  of Russian avant-garde works from the Costakis collection in State  Museum of Contemporary Arts in Thessaloniki, Greece. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Considering her area of expertise, in my opinion Dr. Kokkori is well  qualified for this work. The results of her detailed 2006-2007 study of  Exter\u2019s palette now serve as a reference for the output of the artist in  the last period of her life. The palette as a repertoire of colours \u2013  as an image \u2013 will surely serve art historians who know how to examine  the works and compare the spectrum of colour relationship \u2013 an exercise  that a qualified professional knows how to do and from which he\/she can  draw conclusions.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> The same is true of the process of x-raying the paintings which is being  undertaken and which, once again, will constitute a reliable reference.  Let\u2019s hope that the growing number of falsifications will serve to  convince public institutions to apply this simple procedure  systematically<mfn>Currently this type of document is required for any painting on canvas submitted for an expert opinion.<\/mfn><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignwide size-full\"><a href=\"blob:https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/77b56261-257a-4923-ace9-6a456d5f5ace\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2435\" height=\"1500\" src=\"https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/12\/Exter-palette.jpg\" alt=\"Palette d'Alexandra Exter\" class=\"wp-image-51671\" srcset=\"https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/12\/Exter-palette.jpg 2435w, https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/12\/Exter-palette-300x185.jpg 300w, https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/12\/Exter-palette-1024x631.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/12\/Exter-palette-150x92.jpg 150w, https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/12\/Exter-palette-768x473.jpg 768w, https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/12\/Exter-palette-1536x946.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/12\/Exter-palette-2048x1262.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2019\/12\/Exter-palette-600x370.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2435px) 100vw, 2435px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The origins \u2013 and thence the proof of authenticity \u2013 of the \u201cnew works\u201d circulating since the publication of Chauvelin and Filatoff\u2019s Alexandra Exter (Paris, 2003) and even more so since the 2009 Ch\u00e2teau de Tours exhibition and catalogue raise the question of the provenance of the works. The fanciful provenance that makes reference to [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":51576,"parent":51958,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":{"0":"post-51965","1":"page","2":"type-page","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"entry"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.7 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Imaginary provenances - Association Alexandra Exter<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/alexandra-exter.net\/en\/the-tours-exhibition\/imaginary-provenances\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Imaginary provenances\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The origins \u2013 and thence the proof of authenticity \u2013 of the \u201cnew works\u201d circulating since the publication of Chauvelin and Filatoff\u2019s Alexandra Exter (Paris, 2003) and even more so since the 2009 Ch\u00e2teau de Tours exhibition and catalogue raise the question of the provenance of the works. 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